Articolo 21 della Costituzione

Senato della Repubblica

In BRIEF: Everyone has the right to freely express their thoughts in speech, writing, or any other means of distribution. The press cannot be subjected to authorization or censorship. Judiciary authorities have the right to intervene in cases of crimes authorized by the law on the press, and judicial police officers can seize the periodical if necessary. The law also establishes measures to prevent and punish violations. 

Human Rights Guide

Article 19 (UN):  "Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers." 

EU-Freedom of expression and information: "Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This also means the freedom and pluralism of the media shall be respected. This right is enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights."

What are the limitations to freedom of expression? Freedom of speech is not always regarded as absolute. Most legal systems set limits, particularly when freedom of speech conflicts with other rights and protections, such as in the cases of libel (a defamatory written statement), slander (a defamatory oral statement), pornography, obscenity, fighting words, and intellectual property. libel / slander = (diffamazione - offesa della reputazione altrui con altre persone / calunnia - denuncia falsa avanti ad un'autorità)

What are the limitations to freedom of expression in social media? It is prohibited to express opinions that offend, threaten, or insult groups based on race, color, religion, national orientation, or disability (hate speech).

Freedom of expression is significantly limited in China, N. Korea, Turkmenistan, Birmania, Libia, Eritrea, and Cuba. Italy's position dropped during the years when Berlusconi was prime minister (1994, 2001-2006, 2008-2011).  Freedom of Speech and Countries 2023

"The Tiny Tuscan Town Facing Down a Gas Ship" (The Guardian, winner of daily newspaper and supplement of the year).    Check out their note about being independent:

"Unlike many others, we have no billionaire owner, meaning we can fearlessly chase the truth and report it with integrity.  2023 will be no different; we will work with trademark determination and passion to bring you journalism that's always free from commercial or political interference. No one edits our editor or diverts our attention from what's most important." 

 Consider freedom of expression regarding national security and fake news.